Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit exceptional mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. These properties stem from their atomic structure, which consists of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Depending on their arrangement, carbon nanotubes can be categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs).

SWCNTs consist of a single layer of carbon atoms rolled into a seamless cylinder, resembling a single sheet of graphene wrapped into a tube. They exhibit remarkable electrical conductivity and can be either metallic or semiconducting, depending on their chirality (the arrangement of the hexagons in the lattice).

MWCNTs, on the other hand, comprise multiple layers of graphene concentrically arranged into tubes, resembling nested cylinders. MWCNTs also possess excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, although they are less sensitive to defects compared to SWCNTs.

Applications of carbon nanotubes span across various industries. They are used in the development of advanced materials for aerospace, automotive, and structural engineering due to their lightweight and robust nature. In electronics, carbon nanotubes hold promise for the fabrication of high-performance transistors, interconnects, and flexible displays. Additionally, they are explored for energy storage and conversion devices, such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, owing to their high surface area and electrical conductivity.

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